The Caribbean, home to 4 of the 5 top countries on the list, is the place where you're most likely to encounter an Olympic athlete. India, which has only one medal for every 200 million citizens, is the place you're least likely to have such a chance encounter. (Well, outside of the 100+ countries where no citizen took home a medal.)
While the US beat Spain in the men's basketball final, Spain beat the US in per capita medal count. Actually, 49 countries can make such a claim, as the US finished 50th in this ranking.
In the US, an Olympic medal winner is one in 3 million. By contrast, in host Great Britain, they're one in a million. (Note: this isn't, strictly speaking, true. A relay team of 4 or soccer team of, say, a dozen would obviously boast more Olympic medal winners than the country would get credit for having won. The country wins one gold medal but 4 or 20 (or whatever) gold medal winners walk away from the ceremony.) If one has a separate category for countries with populations of more than ten million, Hungary, Australia, Cuba, and the Netherlands did better than Britain.
It might surprise you to know that South Africa, China, and Brazil did worse than average. You might also be surprised that countries like Slovenia, Mongolia, and Hungary did so much better than average. At least I was.
| Rank | Country | Medals | Population | Pop. / Medal | Compared to Avg. |
| 1 | Grenada | 1 | 105,000 | 105,000 | 75.58 |
| 2 | Jamaica | 12 | 2,705,827 | 225,486 | 35.19 |
| 3 | Trinidad and Tobago | 4 | 1,317,714 | 329,429 | 24.09 |
| 4 | New Zealand | 13 | 4,434,400 | 341,108 | 23.26 |
| 5 | Bahamas | 1 | 353,658 | 353,658 | 22.44 |
| 6 | Slovenia | 4 | 2,057,910 | 514,478 | 15.42 |
| 7 | Mongolia | 5 | 2,844,000 | 568,800 | 13.95 |
| 8 | Hungary | 17 | 9,962,000 | 586,000 | 13.54 |
| 9 | Montenegro | 1 | 620,029 | 620,029 | 12.80 |
| 10 | Denmark | 9 | 5,584,758 | 620,529 | 12.79 |
| 11 | Lithuania | 5 | 3,187,700 | 637,540 | 12.45 |
| 12 | Georgia | 7 | 4,497,600 | 642,514 | 12.35 |
| 13 | Estonia | 2 | 1,294,236 | 647,118 | 12.26 |
| 14 | Australia | 35 | 22,692,531 | 648,358 | 12.24 |
| 15 | Croatia | 6 | 4,290,612 | 715,102 | 11.10 |
| 16 | Belarus | 13 | 9,457,500 | 727,500 | 10.91 |
| 17 | Cuba | 14 | 11,247,925 | 803,423 | 9.88 |
| 18 | Netherlands | 20 | 16,738,836 | 836,942 | 9.48 |
| 19 | Cyprus | 1 | 838,897 | 838,897 | 9.46 |
| 20 | Qatar | 2 | 1,699,435 | 849,718 | 9.34 |
| 21 | Ireland | 5 | 4,588,252 | 917,650 | 8.65 |
| 22 | Azerbaijan | 10 | 9,235,100 | 923,510 | 8.59 |
| 23 | Great Britain | 65 | 62,262,000 | 957,877 | 8.28 |
| 24 | Latvia | 2 | 2,070,371 | 1,035,186 | 7.67 |
| 25 | Czech Republic | 10 | 10,504,203 | 1,050,420 | 7.55 |
| 26 | Armenia | 3 | 3,268,500 | 1,089,500 | 7.28 |
| 27 | Sweden | 8 | 9,495,113 | 1,186,889 | 6.69 |
| 28 | Bahrain | 1 | 1,234,571 | 1,234,571 | 6.43 |
| 29 | Norway | 4 | 5,027,800 | 1,256,950 | 6.31 |
| 30 | Kazakhstan | 13 | 16,776,000 | 1,290,462 | 6.15 |
| 31 | Slovakia | 4 | 5,445,324 | 1,361,331 | 5.83 |
| 32 | Gabon | 1 | 1,564,000 | 1,564,000 | 5.07 |
| 33 | Korea | 28 | 48,580,000 | 1,735,000 | 4.57 |
| 34 | Russia | 82 | 143,117,000 | 1,745,329 | 4.55 |
| 35 | Moldova | 2 | 3,559,500 | 1,779,750 | 4.46 |
| 36 | Serbia | 4 | 7,120,666 | 1,780,167 | 4.46 |
| 37 | Finland | 3 | 5,413,830 | 1,804,610 | 4.40 |
| 38 | Germany | 44 | 81,859,000 | 1,860,432 | 4.27 |
| 39 | Puerto Rico | 2 | 3,725,789 | 1,862,895 | 4.26 |
| 40 | France | 34 | 65,350,000 | 1,922,059 | 4.13 |
| 41 | Canada | 18 | 34,880,400 | 1,937,800 | 4.10 |
| 42 | Switzerland | 4 | 7,952,600 | 1,988,150 | 3.99 |
| 43 | Botswana | 1 | 2,038,228 | 2,038,228 | 3.89 |
| 44 | Romania | 9 | 19,042,936 | 2,115,882 | 3.75 |
| 45 | Italy | 28 | 60,820,787 | 2,172,171 | 3.65 |
| 46 | Ukraine | 20 | 45,565,909 | 2,278,295 | 3.48 |
| 47 | Singapore | 2 | 5,183,700 | 2,591,850 | 3.06 |
| 48 | Tunisia | 4 | 10,673,800 | 2,668,450 | 2.97 |
| 49 | Spain | 17 | 46,163,116 | 2,715,477 | 2.92 |
| 50 | US | 104 | 314,059,000 | 3,019,798 | 2.63 |
| 51 | Japan | 38 | 127,530,000 | 3,356,053 | 2.36 |
| 52 | Kuwait | 1 | 3,582,054 | 3,582,054 | 2.22 |
| 53 | Belgium | 3 | 10,951,266 | 3,650,422 | 2.17 |
| 54 | Bulgaria | 2 | 7,364,570 | 3,682,285 | 2.16 |
| 55 | Poland | 10 | 38,501,000 | 3,850,100 | 2.06 |
| 56 | Kenya | 11 | 42,749,000 | 3,886,273 | 2.04 |
| 57 | DPR Korea | 6 | 24,554,000 | 4,092,333 | 1.94 |
| 58 | Dominican Republic | 2 | 9,445,281 | 4,722,641 | 1.68 |
| 59 | Greece | 2 | 10,787,690 | 5,393,845 | 1.47 |
| 60 | Colombia | 8 | 46,638,000 | 5,829,750 | 1.36 |
| 61 | Iran | 12 | 75,149,669 | 6,262,472 | 1.27 |
| 62 | Hong Kong, China | 1 | 7,103,700 | 7,103,700 | 1.12 |
| 63 | Uzbekistan | 4 | 29,123,400 | 7,280,850 | 1.09 |
| 64 | Tajikistan | 1 | 7,800,000 | 7,800,000 | 1.02 |
| - | total | 886 | 7,031,000,000 | 7,935,666 | 1.00 |
| 65 | South Africa | 6 | 50,586,757 | 8,431,126 | 0.94 |
| 66 | Argentina | 4 | 40,117,096 | 10,029,274 | 0.79 |
| 67 | Portugal | 1 | 10,561,614 | 10,561,614 | 0.75 |
| 68 | Brazil | 17 | 192,376,496 | 11,316,264 | 0.70 |
| 69 | Chinese Taipei | 2 | 23,261,747 | 11,630,874 | 0.68 |
| 70 | Ethiopia | 7 | 84,320,987 | 12,045,855 | 0.66 |
| 71 | Malaysia | 2 | 28,334,135 | 14,167,068 | 0.56 |
| 72 | Guatemala | 1 | 14,713,763 | 14,713,763 | 0.54 |
| 73 | Turkey | 5 | 74,724,269 | 14,944,854 | 0.53 |
| 74 | China | 87 | 1,347,350,000 | 15,486,782 | 0.51 |
| 75 | Mexico | 7 | 112,336,538 | 16,048,077 | 0.49 |
| 76 | Thailand | 3 | 65,479,453 | 21,826,484 | 0.36 |
| 77 | Afghanistan | 1 | 25,500,100 | 25,500,100 | 0.31 |
| 78 | Saudi Arabia | 1 | 27,136,977 | 27,136,977 | 0.29 |
| 79 | Venezuela | 1 | 27,150,095 | 27,150,095 | 0.29 |
| 80 | Morocco | 1 | 32,638,900 | 32,638,900 | 0.24 |
| 81 | Uganda | 1 | 32,939,800 | 32,939,800 | 0.24 |
| 82 | Algeria | 1 | 37,100,000 | 37,100,000 | 0.21 |
| 83 | Egypt | 2 | 82,473,000 | 41,236,500 | 0.19 |
| 84 | Indonesia | 2 | 237,641,326 | 118,820,663 | 0.07 |
| 85 | India | 6 | 1,210,193,422 | 201,698,904 | 0.04 |
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