When David Ricardo introduced the concept of comparative advantage in trade in 1817, he explained it using the example of Portugal trading wine for England's cloth. He demonstrated that even if one country could produce both goods more efficiently, it still benefits from specializing in the good it can produce at a relatively lower cost and trading for the other.
Today, trade is much more complex. Products like cars, computers, smartphones, and TVs involve hundreds of parts and multiple production steps across different countries.
In Ricardo's time, tariffs would typically be applied once to a simple finished product, like a bottle of wine. Today, with global supply chains, each part of a product might cross several borders before the final product is assembled. Each crossing could incur a tariff, leading to multiple tariffs on a single product.
With multiple border crossings for complex products like TVs, cars, and smartphones, a world with tariffs could mean prices 10 to 100 percent higher. In Ricardo's world, a tariff would impact a single product once. In our world, tariffs can affect each component multiple times, significantly increasing costs. This makes modern tariffs a much more expensive proposition, as they add up with each border crossing.
High tariffs in such a world are a curious proposal from a party that has incessantly complained about inflation that is now about 2 to 3 percent and quickly falling.
Today, trade is much more complex. Products like cars, computers, smartphones, and TVs involve hundreds of parts and multiple production steps across different countries.
In Ricardo's time, tariffs would typically be applied once to a simple finished product, like a bottle of wine. Today, with global supply chains, each part of a product might cross several borders before the final product is assembled. Each crossing could incur a tariff, leading to multiple tariffs on a single product.
With multiple border crossings for complex products like TVs, cars, and smartphones, a world with tariffs could mean prices 10 to 100 percent higher. In Ricardo's world, a tariff would impact a single product once. In our world, tariffs can affect each component multiple times, significantly increasing costs. This makes modern tariffs a much more expensive proposition, as they add up with each border crossing.
High tariffs in such a world are a curious proposal from a party that has incessantly complained about inflation that is now about 2 to 3 percent and quickly falling.
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